Slovakia, a Central European country known for its picturesque landscapes and charming cities, has become increasingly attractive as a destination for business ventures. With its stable economic environment, strategic location in Europe, and investment-friendly policies, the country offers various opportunities for both domestic and foreign entrepreneurs. Understanding the types of companies that can be established in Slovakia is crucial for anyone looking to start a business in the country.
Limited Liability Company (s.r.o.)
The Limited Liability Company, known as Spoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným (s.r.o.), is the most common type of business entity in Slovakia. Suitable for small to medium-sized enterprises, the s.r.o. provides a balance between limited liability and operational flexibility. The shareholders’ liability is limited to their investment in the company, which protects personal assets.
To establish an s.r.o., at least one shareholder is required, and the minimum share capital is €5,000. The company must also have at least one director, who can be a Slovak national, an EU citizen, or a foreign national with a valid residence permit. An s.r.o. must adhere to local accounting and reporting standards, making it essential to work with a local accountant.
Joint Stock Company (a.s.)
A Joint Stock Company, or Akciová spoločnosť (a.s.), is typically used for larger enterprises. This type of entity is suitable for businesses planning to raise capital through the issuance of shares on the stock market. The minimum share capital required for an a.s. is €25,000, which must be fully paid before the company can be registered.
An a.s. requires a board of directors and a supervisory board, both of which are responsible for overseeing the company’s operations. One significant advantage of this form is the ability to attract large-scale investments from both domestic and international investors.
General Partnership (v.o.s.)
The General Partnership, known as Verejná obchodná spoločnosť (v.o.s.), is a suitable structure for businesses operated by two or more partners who share unlimited liability for the company’s obligations. Unlike limited liability companies, the partners’ personal assets can be used to satisfy the company’s debts.
While the establishment procedure for a v.o.s. is straightforward, the partners need to be aware of the extensive liability risks. This form is less common and is typically chosen for professional services or smaller ventures where trust between partners is paramount.
Limited Partnership (k.s.)
A Limited Partnership, or Komanditná spoločnosť (k.s.), combines features of both general and limited liability entities. It consists of general partners, who have unlimited liability, and limited partners, whose liability is restricted to their investment in the company.
This type of business entity can be advantageous for ventures where certain investors wish to be involved financially without participating in daily operations or bearing unlimited liability.
Branch Office
Foreign companies looking to establish a presence in Slovakia without forming a new legal entity can set up a Branch Office (Organizačná zložka). While it is not a separate legal entity, the branch operates on behalf of the parent company, which remains fully liable for its operations.
The registration process for a branch office is less complex than for a local company, making it an attractive option for businesses testing the Slovak market before committing to a full-scale operation.
Trade License (Živnosť)
For individual entrepreneurs or freelancers, obtaining a Trade License (Živnosť) is a viable option. This allows an individual to conduct business activities under their name. The application process is relatively simple, and the entrepreneur is personally liable for any business-related debts. Trade licenses can be issued for various activities, including craftsmanship, retail, and services.
Cooperative (Družstvo)
A Cooperative (Družstvo) is a democratic business entity owned and managed by its members. Each member has an equal vote, regardless of their investment amount. Cooperatives are typically formed by groups of individuals seeking to achieve shared economic, social, or cultural objectives.
In Slovakia, cooperatives are often used in agriculture, housing, and utility services. The minimum capital requirement for establishing a cooperative is €1,250.
Conclusion
Slovakia’s diverse range of business entities offers flexibility to accommodate different business models and strategies. Whether you are an entrepreneur looking to establish a small enterprise, an investor planning to launch a large corporation, or a foreign company aiming to explore the Slovak market, the country provides a conducive environment for growth and success. Understanding the legal and regulatory framework is essential, and consulting with local legal and financial experts can help navigate the complexities of establishing a business in Slovakia.
Types of Companies in Slovakia: